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Ī prominent element of psychedelic experiences is visual alteration. Effects by type Psychedelics (classical hallucinogens) ĭespite several attempts that have been made, starting in the 19th and 20th centuries, to define common phenomenological structures (i.e., patterns of experience) brought on by classical psychedelics, a universally accepted taxonomy does not yet exist. A designer drug is a structural or functional analog of a controlled substance (hallucinogenic or otherwise) that has been designed to mimic the pharmacological effects of the original drug while at the same time avoid being classified as illegal (by specification as a research chemical) and/or avoid detection in standard drug tests. Robin Carhart-Harris and Guy Goodwin write that the term psychedelic is preferable to hallucinogen for describing classical psychedelics because of the term hallucinogen 's "arguably misleading emphasis on these compounds' hallucinogenic properties." Ĭertain hallucinogens are designer drugs, such as those in the 2C and 25-NB (NBOMe) families. Indeed, in much of the counterculture that uses these substances, entheogen has replaced psychedelic as the name of choice and we may expect to see this trend continue. Although it seems unlikely that this name will ever be accepted in formal scientific circles, its use has dramatically increased in the popular media and on internet sites. This term suggests that these substances reveal or allow a connection to the "divine within". Thus, the term entheogen, derived from the Greek word entheos, which means "god within", was introduced by Ruck et al. Most recently, there has been a movement in nonscientific circles to recognize the ability of these substances to provoke mystical experiences and evoke feelings of spiritual significance. In the lay press, the term psychedelic is still the most popular and has held sway for nearly four decades. Hallucinogen is now, however, the most common designation in the scientific literature, although it is an inaccurate descriptor of the actual effects of these drugs. The most popular names-hallucinogen, psychotomimetic, and psychedelic ("mind manifesting")-have often been used interchangeably. The famous German toxicologist Louis Lewin used the name phantastica earlier in this century, and as we shall see later, such a descriptor is not so farfetched. Many different names have been proposed over the years for this drug class. Ĭlassical hallucinogens or psychedelics have been described by many names. Because of the multi-faceted phenomenology brought on by hallucinogens, efforts to create standardized terminology for classifying them based on their subjective effects have not succeeded to date. Because of this, it is important to consult the definition given in a particular source. Nonetheless, while the term hallucinogen is often used to refer to the broad class of drugs covered in this article, sometimes it is used to mean only classical hallucinogens (that is, psychedelics). Entactogens and cannabinoids are also sometimes considered hallucinogens. Some hallucinogens, however, such as salvinorin A and ibogaine, have pharmacological mechanisms different from those of all those categories. Most hallucinogens can be categorized based on their pharmacological mechanisms as psychedelics (which are serotonergic), dissociatives (which are antiglutamatergic), or deliriants (which are anticholinergic).

Richard Glennon has thus given an additional two criteria that narrow the category down to classical hallucinogens. This definition is broad enough to include a wide range of drugs and has since been shown to encompass a number of categories of drugs with different pharmacological mechanisms and behavioral effects. Leo Hollister gave five criteria for classifying a drug as hallucinogenic. The term hallucinate dates back to around 1595–1605, and is derived from the Latin hallūcinātus, the past participle of (h)allūcināri, meaning "to wander in the mind." Characteristics The word hallucinogen is derived from the word hallucination.